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encyclopedia? Berlin    Also found in: Dictionary/thesaurus, Acronyms, Encyclopedia 0.01 sec. Berlin Berlin   State of Germany   View of central Berlin. From left: The Reichstag, the TV Tower, the Berliner Dom, and the Brandenburg Gate 
Flag 
Coat of arms Location within European Union and Germany Coordinates: 52302&Prime;N 132356&Prime;E? / ?52.50056N 13.39889E? / 52.50056; 13.39889Coordinates: 52302&Prime;N 132356&Prime;E? / ?52.50056N 13.39889E? / 52.50056; 13.39889 Country Germany Government  - Governing Mayor Klaus Wowereit (SPD)  - Governing parties SPD / Die Linke  - Votes in Bundesrat 4 (of 69) Area  - City 891.85 km2 (344.3 sq mi) Elevation 34 - 115 m (-343 ft) Population (31 March 2010)[1]  - City 3,440,441  - Density 3,857.6/km2 (9,991.3/sq mi)  - Metro 5,000,000 Time zone CET (UTC+1)  - Summer (DST) CEST (UTC+2) Postal code(s) 1000114199 Area code(s) 030 ISO 3166 code DE-BE Vehicle registration B GDP/ Nominal ? 90.1[2] billion (2009)[citation needed] NUTS Region DE3 Website berlin.de / 3D Berlin 
Berlin (English pronunciation: /b?r?l?n/; German pronunciation: [b????li?n]  ( )) is the capital city of Germany, and is one of the sixteen states of Germany. It has a population of 3.4 million people,[1] and is Germany's largest city. It is the second most populous city proper and the eighth most populous urban area in the European Union.[3] Located in northeastern Germany, it is the center of the Berlin-Brandenburg Metropolitan Area, comprising 5 million people from over 190 nations.[4] Geographically embedded in the European Plains, Berlin is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. Around one third of the city's territory is composed of forests, parks, gardens, rivers and lakes.[5]

First documented in the 13th century, Berlin was successively the capital of the Kingdom of Prussia (17011918), the German Empire (18711918), the Weimar Republic (19191933) and the Third Reich (19331945).[6] Berlin in the 1920s was the third largest municipality in the world.[7] After World War II, the city was divided; East Berlin became the capital of East Germany while West Berlin became a de facto West German exclave, surrounded by the Berlin Wall (19611989).[8] Following German reunification in 1990, the city regained its status as the capital of all Germany hosting 147 foreign embassies.[9][10]

Berlin is a world city of culture, politics, media, and science.[11][12][13][14] Its economy is primarily based on the service sector, encompassing a diverse range of creative industries, media corporations, congress and convention venues. Berlin serves as a continental hub for air and rail transport,[15][16] and is one of the most visited tourist destinations in the EU.[17] Significant industries include IT, pharmaceuticals, biomedical engineering, biotechnology, optoelectronics, traffic engineering, and renewable energy.

The metropolis is home to renowned universities, research institutes, sporting events, orchestras, museums and personalities.[18] The urban and historical legacy has made it a popular setting for international film productions.[19] The city is recognized for its festivals, diverse architecture, nightlife, contemporary arts, public transportation networks and a high quality of living.[20] Berlin has evolved into a global focal point for young individuals and artists attracted by a liberal lifestyle and modern zeitgeist.[21]
History Main article: History of Berlin 
The name Berlin is of unknown origin, but may be related to the Old Polabian stem berl-/birl- "swamp".[22]
Map of Berlin in 1688 
The earliest evidence of settlements in today's Berlin central areas is a wooden beam dated from approximately 1192.[23] The first written mention of towns in the area of present-day Berlin dates from the late 12th century. Spandau is first mentioned in 1197, and Kpenick in 1209, though these areas did not join Berlin until 1920.[24] The central part of Berlin can be traced back to two towns. Clln on the Fischerinsel is first mentioned in a 1237 document, and Berlin, across the Spree in what is now called the Nikolaiviertel, is referenced in a document from 1244.[23] The former is considered to be the "founding date". From the beginning, the two cities formed an economic and social unit. In 1307, the two cities were united politically. Over time, the twin cities came to be known simply as Berlin.

In 1435, Frederick I became the elector of the Margraviate of Brandenburg, which he ruled until 1440.[25] His successor, Frederick II Irontooth, established Berlin as capital of the margraviate, and subsequent members of the Hohenzollern family ruled until 1918 in Berlin, first as electors of Brandenburg, then as kings of Prussia, and finally as German emperors. In 1448 citizens rebelled in the "Berlin Indignation" against the construction of a new royal palace by Frederick II Irontooth. This protest was not successful, however, and the citizenry lost many of its political and economic privileges. In 1451 Berlin became the royal residence of the Brandenburg electors, and Berlin had to give up its status as a free Hanseatic city. In 1539, the electors and the city officially became Lutheran.[26]
Seventeenth to nineteenth centuries Frederick the Great (17121786) was one of Europe's enlightened monarchs. 
The Thirty Years' War between 1618 and 1648 had devastating consequences for Berlin. A third of the houses were damaged and the city lost half of its population.[27] Frederick William, known as the "Great Elector", who had succeeded his father George William as ruler in 1640, initiated a policy of promoting immigration and religious tolerance. With the Edict of Potsdam in 1685, Frederick William offered asylum to the French Huguenots. More than 15,000 Huguenots went to Brandenburg, of whom 6,000 settled in Berlin. By 1700, approximately 20 percent of Berlin's residents were French, and their cultural influence on the city was immense. Many other immigrants came from Bohemia, Poland, and Salzburg.
Berlin became the capital of the German Empire in 1871 and expanded rapidly in the following years. (Unter den Linden in 1900) 
With the coronation of Frederick I in 1701 as king (in Knigsberg), Berlin became the new capital of the Kingdom of Prussia (instead of Knigsberg); this was a successful attempt to centralize the capital in the very outspread Prussian Kingdom, and it was the first time the city began to grow. In 1740 Frederick II, known as Frederick the Great (17401786), came to power. Berlin became, under the rule of the philosophically oriented Frederick II, a center of the Enlightenment. Following France's victory in the War of the Fourth Coalition, Napoleon Bonaparte marched into Berlin in 1806, but granted self-government to the city. In 1815 the city became part of the new Province of Brandenburg.

The Industrial Revolution transformed Berlin during the 19th century; the city's economy and population expanded dramatically, and it became the main rail hub and economic center of Germany. Additional suburbs soon developed and increased the area and population of Berlin. In 1861, outlying suburbs including Wedding, Moabit, and several others were incorporated into Berlin. In 1871, Berlin became capital of the newly founded German Empire. On 1 April 1881 it became a city district separate from Brandenburg.
Twentieth century Berlin in ruins after World War II (Potsdamer Platz, 1945). 
At the end of World War I in 1918, a republic was proclaimed in Berlin. In 1920, the Greater Berlin Act incorporated dozens of suburban cities, villages, and estates around Berlin into an expanded city. This new area encompassed Spandau and Charlottenburg in the west, as well as several other areas that are now major municipalities. After this expansion, Berlin had a population of around four million. During the Weimar era, Berlin became internationally renowned as a center of cultural transformation, at the heart of the Roaring Twenties.

On 30 January 1933 (Machtergreifung), Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party came to power. Nazi rule destroyed Berlin's Jewish community, which had numbered 170,000 before 1933. After the Kristallnacht pogrom in 1938, thousands of the city's German Jews were imprisoned in the nearby Sachsenhausen concentration camp or, in early 1943, were shipped to death camps, such as Auschwitz. During the Second World War, large parts of Berlin were destroyed in the 194345 air raids and during the Battle of Berlin. Among the hundreds of thousands who died during the Battle for Berlin, an estimated 125,000 were civilians.[28] After the end of the war in Europe in 1945, Berlin received large numbers of refugees from the Eastern provinces. The victorious powers divided the city into four sectors, analogous to the occupation zones into which Germany was divided. The sectors of the Western Allies (the United States, the United Kingdom and France) formed West Berlin, while the Soviet sector formed East Berlin.[29]
The Berlin Wall in 1986, painted on the western side. People crossing the so-called "death strip" on the eastern side were at risk of being shot. 
All four allies retained shared responsibility for Berlin. However, in 1948, when the Western allies extended the currency reform in the Western zones of Germany to the three western sectors of Berlin, the Soviet Union imposed a blockade on the access routes to and from West Berlin, which lay entirely inside Soviet controlled territory. The allies successfully overcame the blockade by the Berlin airlift, which flew in food and other supplies to the city from 24 June 1948 to 11 May 1949.[30] In 1949, the Federal Republic of Germany was founded in West Germany, and eventually included all of the American, British, and French zones, excluding those three countries' zones in Berlin, while the Marxist-Leninist German Democratic Republic was proclaimed in East Germany. West Berlin officially remained an occupied city, but for all practical purposes, it was assimilated to the Federal Republic of Germany without actually being a part of it. West Berlin issued its own postage stamps which were often the same as West German postage stamps but with the additional word 'Berlin' added. Airline service to West Berlin was granted only to American, British, and French airlines.
[http://ralphlauren0110.blog.fc2.com/blog-entry-42.html tigers the animal]  The fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989. 
The founding of the two German states increased Cold War tensions. West Berlin was surrounded by East German territory. East Germany, however, proclaimed East Berlin (which it described only as "Berlin") as its capital, a move that was not recognized by the Western powers. Although half the size and population of West Berlin, it included most of the historic center of the city. The West German government, meanwhile, established itself provisionally in Bonn.[31]

The tensions between east and west culminated in the construction of the Berlin Wall between East and West Berlin and other barriers around West Berlin by East Germany on 13 August 1961 and were exacerbated by a tank standoff at Checkpoint Charlie on 27 October 1961. West Berlin was now de facto a part of West Germany with a unique legal status, while East Berlin was de facto a part of East Germany.
Berlin Mitte in the 21st century. Some landmarks from top left to bottom right: Hauptbahnhof (main station), Charit&eacute; hospital, Berliner Dom, City hall, TV tower at Alexanderplatz, Spree river, East Side Gallery, O2 World. 
Berlin was completely divided. It was possible for Westerners to pass from one to the other only through strictly controlled checkpoints. For most Easterners, travel to West Berlin or West Germany was no longer possible. In 1971, a Four-Power agreement guaranteed access across East Germany to West Berlin and ended the potential for harassment or closure of the routes.[32]

In 1989, pressure from the East German population broke free across the Berlin Wall on 9 November 1989, which was subsequently mostly demolished. Not much is left of it today; the East Side Gallery in Friedrichshain near the Oberbaumbrcke over the Spree preserves a portion of the Wall. Democracy and market economy changed East Germany and East Berlin.

On 3 October 1990 the two parts of Germany were reunified as the Federal Republic of Germany, and Berlin became the German capital according to the unification treaty. In June 1991 the German Parliament, the Bundestag, voted to move the (West) German capital back from Bonn to Berlin. In 1999, the German parliament and government began their work in Berlin.
Geography Natural and built environment. 
Berlin is located in eastern Germany, about 70 kilometers (43 mi) west of the border with Poland in an area with marshy terrain, and is surrounded by the federal state of Brandenburg. The BerlinWarsaw Urstromtal (ice age melt water flow), between the low Barnim plateau to the north and the Teltow plateau to the south, was formed by water flowing from melting ice sheets at the end of the last ice age. The Spree follows this valley now. In Spandau, Berlin's westernmost borough, the Spree meets the river Havel, which flows from north to south through western Berlin. The course of the Havel is more like a chain of lakes, the largest being the Tegeler See and Groer Wannsee. A series of lakes also feeds into the upper Spree, which flows through the Groer Mggelsee in eastern Berlin.[33]
View over central Berlin. Unter den Linden in foreground and skyscrapers of Potsdamer Platz up to the right. 
Substantial parts of present-day Berlin extend onto the low plateaus on both sides of the Spree Valley. Large parts of the boroughs Reinickendorf and Pankow lie on the Barnim plateau, while most of the boroughs Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf, Steglitz-Zehlendorf, Tempelhof-Schneberg, and Neuklln lie on the Teltow plateau. The borough of Spandau lies partly within the Berlin Urstromtal and partly on the Nauen Plain, which stretches to the west of Berlin. The highest elevations in Berlin are the Teufelsberg and the Mggelberge. Both hills have an elevation of about 115 metres (377 ft). The Teufelsberg is in fact an artificial pile of rubble from the ruins of World War II.
Climate The outskirts of Berlin are covered with woodlands and numerous lakes 
Berlin has a humid continental climate according to the Kppen climate classification system. The city features a temperate climate.

Summers are warm with average high temperatures of 2225 C (7277 F) and lows of 1214 C (5457 F). Winters are cold with average high temperatures of 4 C (39 F) and lows of -2 to 0 C (28 to 32 F). Spring and autumn are generally chilly to mild. Berlin's built-up area creates a microclimate, with heat stored by the city's buildings. Temperatures can be 4 C (7 F) higher in the city than in the surrounding areas.[34]

Annual precipitation is 570 millimeters (22 in) with moderate rainfall throughout the year. Light snowfall mainly occurs from December through March, but snow cover does not usually remain for long. The recent winter of 2009/2010 was an exception as there was a permanent snow cover from late December till early March.[35]
Climate data for Berlin Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high C (F) 2.9
(37.2) 4.2
(39.6) 8.5
(47.3) 13.2
(55.8) 18.9
(66) 21.6
(70.9) 23.7
(74.7) 23.6
(74.5) 18.8
(65.8) 13.4
(56.1) 7.1
(44.8) 4.4
(39.9) 13.4
(56.1) Daily mean C (F) 0.5
(32.9) 1.4
(34.5) 4.9
(40.8) 8.7
(47.7) 14.0
(57.2) 17.0
(62.6) 19.0
(66.2) 18.9
(66) 14.7
(58.5) 9.9
(49.8) 4.7
(40.5) 2.0
(35.6) 9.6
(49.3) Average low C (F) 1.9
(28.6) 1.5
(29.3) 1.3
(34.3) 4.2
(39.6) 9.0
(48.2) 12.3
(54.1) 14.3
(57.7) 14.1
(57.4) 10.6
(51.1) 6.4
(43.5) 2.2
(36) 0.4
(31.3) 5.9
(42.6) Rainfall mm (inches) 42
(1.65) 33
(1.3) 41
(1.61) 37
(1.46) 54
(2.13) 69
(2.72) 56
(2.2) 58
(2.28) 45
(1.77) 37
(1.46) 44
(1.73) 55
(2.17) 571
(22.48) Avg. rainy days 10.0 8.0 9.1 7.8 8.9 9.8 8.4 7.9 7.8 7.6 9.6 11.4 106.3 Sunshine hours 46.5 73.5 120.9 159.0 220.1 222.0 217.0 210.8 156.0 111.6 51.0 37.2 1,625.6 Source #1: World Meteorological Organization (UN)[36] Source #2: HKO [37] Cityscape Berlin along the Spree river and the Fernsehturm by night 
The city's appearance today is predominantly shaped by the key role it played in Germany's history in the 20th century. Each of the national [http://hogan0316.eklablog.com/ralph-lauren-cercate-the-borse-di-duplicate-efficaci-quando-my-spouse--a48093173 lion hunting]  governments based in Berlin??the 1871 German Empire, the Weimar Republic, Nazi Germany, East Germany, and now the reunified Germany??initiated ambitious construction programs, each with its own distinctive character. Berlin was devastated by bombing raids during World War II and many of the old buildings that escaped the bombs were eradicated in the 1950s and 1960s in both West and East. Much of this destruction was initiated by municipal architecture programs to build new residential or business quarters and main roads.

In the eastern part, many Plattenbauten can be found, reminders of Eastern Bloc ambitions to create complete residential areas with fixed ratios of shops, kindergartens and schools. Berlin's unique recent history has left the city with a highly eclectic array of architecture and buildings.
Architecture "Haus des Lehrers" and Congress Hall at Alexanderplatz. 
The Fernsehturm (TV tower) at Alexanderplatz in Mitte is among the tallest structures in the European Union at 368 meters (1,207 ft). Built in 1969, it is visible throughout most of the central districts of Berlin. The city can be viewed from its 204 m (669 ft) high observation floor. Starting here the Karl-Marx-Allee heads east, an avenue lined by monumental residential buildings, designed in the Socialist Classicism Style of the Joseph Stalin era. Adjacent to this area is the Rotes Rathaus (City Hall), with its distinctive red-brick architecture. The previously built-up part in front of it is the Neptunbrunnen, a fountain featuring a mythological scene.
The Brandenburg Gate. 
The East Side Gallery is an open-air exhibition of art painted directly on the last existing portions of the Berlin Wall. It is the largest remaining evidence of the city's historical division. It has recently undergone a restoration.

The Brandenburg Gate is an iconic landmark of Berlin and Germany. It also appears on German euro coins (10 cent, 20 cent, and 50 cent). The Reichstag building is the traditional seat of the German Parliament, renovated in the 1950s after severe World War II damage. The building was again remodeled by British architect Norman Foster in the 1990s and features a glass dome over the session area, which allows free public access to the parliamentary proceedings and magnificent views of the city.
Potsdamer Platz at dusk. 
The Gendarmenmarkt, a neoclassical square in Berlin whose name dates back to the Napoleonic occupation of the city, is bordered by two similarly designed cathedrals, the Franzsischer Dom with its observation platform and the German Cathedral. The Konzerthaus (Concert Hall), home of the Berlin Symphony Orchestra, stands between the two cathedrals.

The Berlin Cathedral, a Protestant cathedral and the third church on this site, is located on the Spree Island across from the site of the Stadtschloss and adjacent to the Lustgarten. A large crypt houses the remains of some of the earlier Prussian royal family. Like many other buildings, it suffered extensive damage during the Second World War. St. Hedwig's Cathedral is Berlin's Roman Catholic cathedral.
Inside the glass dome of the Reichstag. 
Unter den Linden is a tree lined east-west avenue from the Brandenburg Gate to the site of the former Berliner Stadtschloss, and was once Berlin's premier promenade. Many Classical buildings line the street and part of Humboldt University is located there. Friedrichstrae was Berlin's legendary street during the Roaring Twenties. It combines 20th century traditions with the modern architecture of today's Berlin.

Potsdamer Platz is an entire quarter built from scratch after 1995 after the Wall came down.[38] To the west of Potsdamer Platz is the Kulturforum, which houses the Gemldegalerie, and is flanked by the Neue Nationalgalerie and the Berliner Philharmonie. The Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe, a Holocaust memorial, is situated to the north.[39]

The area around Hackescher Markt is home to the fashionable culture, with countless clothing outlets, clubs, bars, and galleries. This includes the Hackesche Hfe, a conglomeration of buildings around several courtyards, reconstructed around 1996. Oranienburger Strae and the nearby New Synagogue were the center of Jewish culture before 1933. Although the New Synagogue is still an anchor for Jewish history and culture, Oranienburger strae and surrounding areas are increasingly known for the shopping and nightlife.
Schloss Charlottenburg is the largest existing palace in Berlin. 
The Strae des 17. Juni, connecting the Brandenburg Gate and Ernst-Reuter-Platz, serves as central East-West-Axis. Its name commemorates the uprisings in East Berlin of 17 June 1953. Approximately half-way from the Brandenburg Gate is the Groer Stern, a circular traffic island on which the Siegessule (Victory Column) is situated. This monument, built to commemorate Prussia's victories, was relocated 193839 from its previous position in front of the Reichstag.

The Kurfrstendamm is home to some of Berlin's luxurious stores with the Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church at its eastern end on Breitscheidplatz. The church was destroyed in the Second World War and left in ruins. Near by on Tauentzienstrae is KaDeWe, claimed to be continental Europe's largest department store. The Rathaus Schneberg, where John F. Kennedy made his famous "Ich bin ein Berliner!" speech, is situated in Tempelhof-Schneberg.

West of the center, Schloss Bellevue is the residence of the German President. Schloss Charlottenburg, which was burnt out in the Second World War and largely destroyed, has been rebuilt and is the largest surviving historical palace in Berlin.

The Funkturm Berlin is a 150 m (490 ft) tall lattice radio tower at the fair area, built between 1924 and 1926. It is the only observation tower which stands on insulators, and has a restaurant 55 m (180 ft) and an observation deck 126 m (413 ft) above ground, which is reachable by a windowed elevator.
Government The Reichstag is the site of the German parliament. 
Berlin is the capital of the Federal Republic of Germany and is the seat of the President of Germany, whose official residence is Schloss Bellevue.[40] Since German reunification on 3 October 1990, it has been one of the three city states, together with Hamburg and Bremen, among the present sixteen states of Germany.

The Bundesrat ("federal council") is the representation of the Federal States (Bundeslnder) of Germany and has its seat at the former Prussian House of Lords. Though most of the ministries are seated in Berlin, some of them, as well as some minor departments, are seated in Bonn, the former capital of West Germany. The European Union invests in several projects within the city of Berlin. Infrastructure, education and social programs are co-financed with budgets taken from EU cohesion funds.[41]
City state Governing Mayor since 2001, Klaus Wowereit 
The city and state parliament is the House of Representatives (Abgeordnetenhaus), which currently has 141 seats. Berlin's executive body is the Senate of Berlin (Senat von Berlin). The Senate of Berlin consists of the Governing Mayor (Regierender Brgermeister) and up to eight senators holding ministerial positions, one of them holding the official title "Mayor" (Brgermeister) as deputy to the Governing Mayor. The Social Democratic Party (SPD) and The Left (Die Linke) took control of the city government after the 2001 state election and won another term in the 2006 state election.[42]

The Governing Mayor is simultaneously Lord Mayor of the city (Oberbrgermeister der Stadt) and Prime Minister of the Federal State (Ministerprsident des Bundeslandes). The office of Berlin's Governing Mayor is in the Rotes Rathaus (Red City Hall). Since 2001 this office has been held by Klaus Wowereit of the SPD.[43] The city's government is based on a coalition between the Social Democratic Party and Die Linke.

The total annual state budget of Berlin in 2007 exceeded ?20.5 ($28.7) billion including a budget surplus of ?80 ($112) million. The figures indicate the first surplus in the history of the city state.[44] Due to increasing growth rates and tax revenues, the Senate of Berlin calculates an increasing budget surplus in 2008. The total budget includes an estimated amount of ?5.5 ($7.7) bn, which is directly financed by either the German government or the German Bundeslnder.[45] Mainly due to reunification-related expenditures, Berlin as a German state has accumulated more debt than any other city in Germany, with the most current estimate being ?60 ($84)bn in December 2007.[46]
Boroughs Main article: Boroughs and localities of Berlin Map of Berlin's twelve boroughs and their localities. 
Berlin is subdivided into twelve boroughs (Bezirke), but before Berlin's 2001 administrative reform there were 23. Each borough is subdivided into a number of localities (Ortsteile), which represent the traditional urbanized areas that inhabitants identify with. Some of these have been rearranged several times over the years. At present the city of Berlin consists of 95 such localities. The localities often consist of a number of city neighborhoods (usually called Kiez in the Berlin dialect) representing small residential areas.

Each borough is governed by a Borough Council (Bezirksamt) consisting of five Councilors (Bezirksstadtrte) and a Borough Mayor (Bezirksbrgermeister). The Borough Council is elected by the Borough Assembly (Bezirksverordnetenversammlung). The boroughs of Berlin are not independent municipalities. The power of borough governments is limited and subordinate to the Senate of Berlin. The borough mayors form the Council of Mayors (Rat der Brgermeister), led by the city's Governing Mayor, which advises the Senate.

The localities have no government bodies of their own, even though most of the localities have historic roots in older municipalities that predate the formation of Greater Berlin on 1 October 1920. The subsequent position of locality representative (Ortsvorsteher) was discontinued in favor of borough mayors.
Sister cities 
Berlin maintains official partnerships with 17 cities.[47] Town twinning between Berlin and other cities began with Los Angeles in 1967. East Berlin's partnerships were canceled at the time of German reunification and later partially reestablished. West Berlin's partnerships had previously been restricted to the borough level. During the Cold War era, the partnerships had reflected the different power blocs, with West Berlin partnering with capitals in the West, and East Berlin mostly partnering with cities from the Warsaw Pact and its allies.

There are several joint projects with many other cities, such as Copenhagen, Helsinki, Johannesburg, Shanghai, Seoul, Sofia, Sydney, and Vienna. Berlin participates in international city associations such as the Union of the Capitals of the European Union, Eurocities, Network of European Cities of Culture, Metropolis, Summit Conference of the World's Major Cities, Conference of the World's Capital Cities. Berlin's official sister cities are:[47]
1967 Los Angeles, United States 1987 Paris, France 1988 Madrid, Spain 1989 Istanbul, Turkey 1991 Warsaw, Poland[48] 1991 Moscow, Russia 1991 Budapest, Hungary 1992 Brussels, Belgium 1993 Jakarta, Indonesia 1993 Tashkent, Uzbekistan 1993 Mexico City, Mexico 1994 Beijing, China 1994 Tokyo, Japan 1994 Buenos Aires, Argentina 1995 Prague, Czech Republic 2000 Windhoek, Namibia 2000 London, United Kingdom Demographics See also: Berlin population statistics, Turks in Berlin, Arabs in Berlin, and Vietnamese community of Berlin Berlin's population 18802007. 
As of March 2010, the city-state of Berlin had a population of 3,440,441 registered inhabitants [1] in an area of 891.82 square kilometers (344.33 sq mi).[49] The city's population density was 3,848 inhabitants per km&sup2; (9,966/sq mi). The urban area of Berlin stretches beyond the city limits and comprises about 3.7 million people while the metropolitan area of the Berlin-Brandenburg region is home to about 4.3 million in an area of 5,370 km2 (2,070 sq mi). The Larger Urban Zone was home to over 4.9 million people in an area of 17,385 km&sup2; in the year 2004.[4]
Crowd in Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg 
National and international migration into the city has a long history. In 1685, following the revocation of the Edict of Nantes in France, the city responded with the Edict of Potsdam, which guaranteed religious freedom and tax-free status to French Huguenot refugees for ten years. The Greater Berlin Act in 1920 incorporated many suburbs and surrounding cities of Berlin. It formed most of the territory that comprises modern Berlin. The act increased the area of Berlin from 66 km2 (25 sq mi) to 883 km2 (341 sq mi) and the population from 1.9 million to 4 million.
Active immigration and asylum politics in West Berlin have initiated waves of immigrants in the 1960s and 1970s. Currently, Berlin is home to about 250,000 Turks (especially in Kreuzberg, Neuklln and Wedding, a locality in the borough of Mitte)[50] [http://ralphlauren0110.blog.stisitelkom.ac.id/2012/07/26/rappelant-que-lembrayage-typique-louis-vuitton-lockit/ species of monkeys]  making it the largest Turkish community outside of Turkey.

In the 1990s the Aussiedlergesetze made immigration from the former Soviet Union possible. Today ethnic Germans from countries of the former Soviet Union make up the [http://blogosoleil.com/rayban313/billet.php?id=38326 monkeys information]  largest portion of the Russian-speaking community.[51] The current decade experiences an increasing influx from various Western countries. Especially young EU-Europeans are settling in the city.

In December 2008, 470,051 residents (13.9% of the population) were of foreign nationality, originating from 195 different countries.[52] An estimated 394,000 citizens (11.7%) are descendants of international migrants and have either become naturalized German citizens or obtained citizenship by virtue of birth in Germany.[53] The largest groups of foreign national are those from Turkey (111,285), Poland (43,700), Serbia (22,251), Italy (14,964), Russia (14,915), the United States (14,186), France (13,113), Vietnam (12,494), Croatia (10,752), Bosnia and Herzegovina (10,556), and the United Kingdom (10,196).[54]

The most spoken non-indigenous languages in Berlin are Turkish, Russian, Arabic, Polish, Kurdish, Vietnamese, English, Serbo-Croatian, Greek and other Asian languages. Turkish, Arabic, Kurdish and Serbo-Croatian can be heard more often in the western part, due to the large Middle-Eastern and Yugoslavian immigrant communities, whereas Vietnamese, Russian and Polish have more native speakers residing in the eastern part of Berlin. [55]
Religion Berlin's largest church is the Berlin Cathedral, a Protestant cathedral. 
More than sixty percent of Berlin residents have no registered religious affiliation and Berlin is said to be the atheist capital of Europe.[56] The largest denominations are the Evangelical Church of Berlin-Brandenburg-Silesian Upper Lusatia (a united church within the Evangelical Church in Germany) with 19.4% of the population as of 2008, and the Roman Catholic Church with 9.4%.[57][58][59] 2.7% of the population adhere to other Christian denominations and 8.8% are Muslims. Most of the 120,000 Jews in Berlin have come from the former Soviet Union.[60]

Berlin is seat of both a Roman Catholic bishop (Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Berlin) and a Protestant bishop (Evangelical Church of Berlin-Brandenburg-Silesian Upper Lusatia). The Independent Evangelical Lutheran Church has eight parishes of different sizes in Berlin.[61]

There are 36 Baptist congregations, 29 New Apostolic Churches, 15 United Methodist churches, eight Free Evangelical Congregations, six congregations of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, an Old Catholic church and an Anglican church in Berlin.[62]

Berlin has 76 mosques, 11 synagogues, and two Buddhist temples. There are also a number of humanist and atheist groups in the city.
Economy Main article: Economy of Berlin The economy of the city is mainly based on the service sector. The ICC and the Funkturm are part of the city's exhibition and congress center. 
In 2009, the nominal GDP of the citystate Berlin experienced a growth rate of 1.7% (-3.5% in Germany) and totaled ?90.1 (~$117) billion.[63] Berlin's economy is today dominated by the service sector, around 80% of all companies are operating in this field. The unemployment rate steadily decreased in the last decade and reached a 13 year-low in 2008; As of April 2010 it was at 14.2% (German average: 7.9%).

Among the Fortune Global 500 and the 30 German DAX companies, Siemens (sharing its seat with Munich) controls a headquarter in Berlin. The state-owned firm Deutsche Bahn has its headquarters in Berlin as well. A multitude of German and international companies established secondary departments or service offices in the city. Among the 20 largest employers in Berlin are the railway company Deutsche Bahn, the hospital company Charit&eacute;, the local public transport company BVG, the service provider Dussmann and the Piepenbrock Group. Daimler manufactures cars, and BMW builds motorcycles in Berlin. Bayer Schering Pharma and Berlin Chemie are major pharmaceutical companies headquartered in the city. The second most important German airline Air Berlin and the rail company Deutsche Bahn are headquartered in Berlin.[64][65] In Germany, Universal Music is headquartered in Berlin as well.

Fast-growing sectors are communications, life sciences, mobility and services with information and communication technologies, media and music, advertising and design, biotechnology and environmental services, transportation and medical engineering.[66] The Science and Business Park of Berlin-Adlershof is among the 15 largest technology parks worldwide. Research and development have established economic significance, and the Berlin Brandenburg region ranks among the top three innovative regions in the EU.[13][67]
2007 EUROSTAT[68] Area Population Nominal GDP in billion Nominal GDP per capita  Berlin 892 km2 344 sq mi 3,420,000 ? 85 / ~$110 ? 24,900 / ~$32,370  Germany 357,050 km2 137,858 sq mi 82,000,000 ? 2,482 / ~$3,227 ? 29,500 / ~$38,350  EU27 4,325,675 km2 1,670,152 sq mi 498,000,000 ? 12,363 / ~$16,072 ? 24,900 / ~$32,370 Tourism 
Berlin is among the top three convention cities in the world and is home to Europe's biggest convention center in the form of the Internationales Congress Centrum (ICC).[15] It contributes to the rapidly increasing tourism sector encompassing more than 700 hotels offering more than 100,000 beds. The city numbered 18.9 million overnight hotel stays, 8,3 million hotel guests and estimated 135 million daily visitors in 2009.[17] Berlin has established itself as the third most-visited city destination in the European Union.
Education See also: Universities, colleges, and research institutions in Berlin and Education in Berlin Statue of Alexander von Humboldt outside the Humboldt University 
The Berlin-Brandenburg capital region is one of the most prolific centers of higher education and research in the European Union. The city has four universities and 27 private, professional and technical colleges (Hochschulen), offering students a wide range of disciplines.[69] 135,327 students were registered at the 31 universities and colleges in 2008/09.[70] The three largest universities account for around 100,000 students. These are the Humboldt Universitt zu Berlin with 35,000 students, the Freie Universitt Berlin (Free University of Berlin) with around 35,000 students, and the Technische Universitt Berlin with 30,000 students. The Universitt der Knste has about 4,300 students.

The city has a high concentration of research institutions, such as the Fraunhofer Society, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Scientific Community and the Max Planck Society, which are independent of, or only loosely connected to its universities. A total number of 62,000 scientists are working in research and development.[67]

In addition to the libraries affiliated with the various universities, the Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin is a major research library. It has two main locations: one near Potsdamer Platz on Potsdamer Strae and one on Unter den Linden. There are 108 public libraries to be found in the city.[67]
Solar filling station at the science and technology park in Adlershof. 
Berlin has 878 schools teaching 340,658 children in 13,727 classes and 56,787 trainees in businesses and elsewhere.[67] The city has a six-year primary education program. After completing primary school, students will progress to the Sekundarschule (a comprehensive school) or Gymnasium (college preparatory school). Berlin has a unique bilingual school program embedded in the "Europaschule". At these schools children get taught the curriculum in German and a foreign language, starting in primary school and later in secondary school. Throughout nearly all boroughs, a range of 9 major European languages in 29 schools can be chosen.[71]

The Franzsisches Gymnasium Berlin which was founded in 1689 for the benefit of Huguenot refugees, offers (German/French) instruction.[72] The John F. Kennedy School, a bilingual GermanAmerican public school located in Zehlendorf, is particularly popular with children of Diplomats and the expat community. There are also four schools ("Humanistische Gymnasien") teaching Latin and Classical Greek, which are traditionally renowned for highest academic standards[citation needed]. Two of them are state schools (Steglitzer Gymnasium in Steglitz and Goethe-Gymnasium in Wilmersdorf), one is Protestant (Evangelisches Gymnasium zum Grauen Kloster in Wilmersdorf) and one Jesuit (Canisius-Kolleg in the "Embassy Quarter" in Tiergarten).

Berlin is one of the co-location centres of Knowledge and Innovation Communities (Future information and communication society and Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation) of the European Institute of Innovation and Technology (EIT).[73]
Culture See also: 1920s Berlin The Museum Island is a World Heritage Site. 
Berlin is noted for its numerous cultural institutions, many of which enjoy international reputation.[18][74] The diversity and vivacity of the Zeitgeist Metropolis led to an ever-changing and trendsetting image among major cities.[75] The city has a very diverse art scene, and is home to around 420 art galleries.[76] Young Germans and international artists continue to settle in the city, and Berlin has established itself as a center of youth and popular culture in Europe.[77]

Signs of this expanding role was the 2003 announcement that the annual Popkomm, Europe's largest music industry convention, would move to Berlin after 15 years in Cologne.[78] Shortly thereafter, the Universal Music Group and MTV also decided to move their European headquarters and main studios to the banks of the River Spree in Friedrichshain.[79] In 2005, Berlin was awarded the title of "City of Design" by UNESCO.[16]
Media See also: List of films featuring Berlin Headquarter of the Axel Springer AG 
Berlin is the home of many television and radio stations; international, national as well as regional.[80] The public [http://blog.amin.org/ralphlauren0110/2012/07/26/madchen-einfach-louis-vuitton-handtasche-fur-weniger-geld/ speaking avatar]  broadcaster RBB has its headquarters there as well as the commercial broadcasters MTV Europe, VIVA, TVB, N24 and Sat.1. German international public broadcaster Deutsche Welle has its TV production unit in Berlin. Additionally, most national German broadcasters have a studio in the city. American radio programming from National Public Radio NPR is also broadcast on the FM dial.
The Berlinale is the largest publicly attended film festival worldwide. 
Berlin has Germany's largest number of daily newspapers, with numerous local broadsheets (Berliner Morgenpost, Berliner Zeitung, Der Tagesspiegel), and three major tabloids, as well as national dailies of varying sizes, each with a different political affiliation, such as Die Welt, Junge Welt, Neues Deutschland, and Die Tageszeitung. The Exberliner, a monthly magazine, is Berlin's English-language periodical focusing on arts and entertainment. Berlin is also the headquarters of two major German-language publishing houses: Walter de Gruyter and Springer, each of which publishes books, periodicals, and multimedia products.

Berlin is an important center in the European and German film industry.[81] It is home to more than one thousand film and television production companies, 270 movie theaters, and around 300 national and international co-productions are filmed in the region every year.[67] The venerable Babelsberg Studios and the production company UFA are located outside Berlin in Potsdam. The city is also home of the European Film Academy and the German Film Academy, and hosts the annual Berlin Film Festival. Founded in 1951, the festival has been celebrated annually in February since 1978. With over 430,000 admissions it is the largest publicly attended film festival in the world.[82]
Nightlife, festivals Karneval der Kulturen. 
Berlin has one of the most diverse and vibrant nightlife scenes in Europe.[83] Throughout the 1990s, twentysomethings from surrounding countries, particularly those in Eastern and Central Europe, made Berlin's club scene the premier nightlife destination of Europe. After the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989, many buildings in Mitte, the former city center of East Berlin, were renovated. Many had not been rebuilt since the Second World War. Illegally occupied by young people, they became a fertile ground for all sorts of underground and counterculture gatherings. It is also home to many nightclubs, including Kunst Haus Tacheles, techno clubs Tresor, WMF, Ufo, E-Werk, the infamous KitKatClub and Berghain. The Linientreu, near the Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church, has been well known since the 1990s for techno music. The LaBelle discoth&egrave;que in Friedenau became famous as the location of the 1986 Berlin discotheque bombing.[84] Berlin is notable for the length of its parties. Clubs are not required to close at a certain time on the weekends; consequently, many parties last well into the morning, if not all weekend. Berghain features the Panorama Bar, so named because the bar opens its shades at daybreak, allowing party-goers a panorama view of Berlin after dancing through the night.
The Berghain 
SO36 in Kreuzberg originally focused largely on punk music but today has become a popular venue for dances and parties of all kinds. SOUND, located from 1971 to 1988 in Tiergarten and today in Charlottenburg, gained notoriety in the late 1970s for its popularity with heroin users and other drug addicts as described in Christiane F.'s book Wir Kinder vom Bahnhof Zoo.[85]

The Karneval der Kulturen, a multi-ethnic street parade celebrated every Pentecost weekend,[86] and the Christopher Street Day, which is Central Europe's largest gay-lesbian pride event and is celebrated the last weekend of June, are openly supported by the city's government.[87] Berlin is also well known for the techno carnival Love Parade, club transmediale and the cultural festival Berliner Festspiele, which include the jazz festival JazzFest Berlin. Several technology and media art festivals and conferences are held in the city, including Transmediale and Chaos Communication Congress.
Museums, galleries See also: List of museums and galleries in Berlin The Jewish Museum presents an exhibition on two millennia of GermanJewish history. 
Berlin is home to 153 museums.[67] The ensemble on the Museum Island is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and is situated in the northern part of the Spree Island between the Spree and the Kupfergraben.[18] As early as 1841 it was designated a "district dedicated to art and antiquities" by a royal decree. Subsequently, the Altes Museum (Old Museum) in the Lustgarten displaying the bust of Queen Nefertiti,[88] and the Neues Museum (New Museum), Alte Nationalgalerie (Old National Gallery), Pergamon Museum, and Bode Museum were built there. While these buildings once housed distinct collections, the names of the buildings no longer necessarily correspond to the names of the collections they house.

Apart from the Museum Island, there are a wide variety of other museums. The Gemldegalerie (Painting Gallery) focuses on the paintings of the "old masters" from the thirteenth to the 18th centuries, while the Neue Nationalgalerie (New National Gallery, built by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe) specializes in 20th century European painting. The Hamburger Bahnhof, located in Moabit, exhibits a major collection of modern and contemporary art. In spring 2006, the expanded Deutsches Historisches Museum re-opened in the Zeughaus with an overview of German history through the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989. The Bauhaus Archive is an architecture museum.
The reconstructed Ishtar Gate of Babylon at the Pergamon Museum. 
The Jewish Museum has a standing exhibition on two millennia of German-Jewish history.[89] The German Museum of Technology in Kreuzberg has a large collection of historical technical artifacts. The Museum fr Naturkunde exhibits natural history near Berlin Hauptbahnhof. It has the largest mounted dinosaur in the world (a brachiosaurus), and a preserved specimen of the early bird Archaeopteryx.[90]

In Dahlem, there are several museums of world art and culture, such as the Museum of Indian Art, the Museum of East Asian Art, the Ethnological Museum, the Museum of European Cultures, as well as the Allied Museum (a museum of the Cold War) and the Brcke Museum (an art museum). In Lichtenberg, on the grounds of the former East German Ministry for State Security (Stasi), is the Stasi Museum. The site of Checkpoint Charlie, one of the renowned crossing points of the Berlin Wall, is still preserved and also has a museum. The museum, which is a private venture, exhibits a comprehensive array of material about people who devised ingenious plans to flee the East. The Beate Uhse Erotic Museum near Zoo Station claims to be the world's largest erotic museum.[91]
Performing arts See also: Music in Berlin Sir Simon Rattle conducting the renowned Berlin Philharmonic. 
Berlin is home to more than 50 theaters.[67] The Deutsches Theater in Mitte was built in 184950 and has operated continuously since then, except for a one-year break (194445) due to the Second World War. The Volksbhne on Rosa Luxemburg Platz was built in 191314, though the company had been founded already in 1890. The Berliner Ensemble, famous for performing the works of Bertolt Brecht, was established in 1949, not far from the Deutsches Theater. The Schaubhne was founded in 1962 in a building in Kreuzberg, but moved in 1981 to the building of the former Universum Cinema on Kurfrstendamm.
German Cathedral and Concert Hall at the Gendarmenmarkt. 
Berlin has three major opera houses: the Deutsche Oper, the Berlin State Opera, and the Komische Oper. The Berlin State Opera on Unter den Linden is the oldest; it opened in 1742. Its current musical director is Daniel Barenboim. The Komische Oper has traditionally specialized in operettas and is located at Unter den Linden as well. The Deutsche Oper opened in 1912 in Charlottenburg. During the division of the city from 1961 to 1989 it was the only major opera house in West Berlin.

There are seven symphony orchestras in Berlin. The Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra is one of the preeminent orchestras in the world;[92] it is housed in the Berliner Philharmonie near Potsdamer Platz on a street named for the orchestra's longest-serving conductor, Herbert von Karajan.[93] The current principal conductor is Simon Rattle.[94] The Konzerthausorchester Berlin was founded in 1952 as the orchestra for East Berlin, since the Philharmonic was based in West Berlin. Its current principal conductor is Lothar Zagrosek. The Haus der Kulturen der Welt presents various exhibitions dealing with intercultural issues and stages world music and conferences.[95]
Cuisine The currywurst was invented in Berlin 
Berlin is home to a diverse gastronomy scene reflecting the immigrant history of the city. 12 restaurants have been awarded by the Michelin guide, the highest number in Germany.[96]

Traditional foods are embedded in Northern German eating habits and include rustic and hearty dishes using pork, goose, fish, peas, beans, cucumbers and potatoes.

Typical Berliner dishes include Currywurst invented in 1949,[97] Eisbein, the Berliner (pastry) known as a Pfannkuchen, and Leber (liver) Berliner Art.[98]

Turkish and Arab immigrant workers have brought their culinary traditions to the city, for example the dner kebab, Falafel and Lahmacun which have become a common fast-food staple. The modern fast-food version of the Dner was invented in Berlin in 1971.[99]
Recreation The Zoologischer Garten Berlin is the most visited zoo in Europe and presents the most diverse range of species in the world. 
Zoologischer Garten Berlin, the older of two zoos in the city, was founded in 1844, and presents the most diverse range of species in the world.[100] It is the home of the captive-born celebrity polar bear Knut,[101] born in December 2006.[102] Tierpark Friedrichsfelde, founded in 1955 in the grounds of Schloss Friedrichsfelde in the Borough of Lichtenberg, is Europe's largest zoo in terms of square meters.

Berlin's Botanischer Garten includes the Botanic Museum Berlin. With an area of 43 hectares (110 acres) and around 22,000 different plant species it is one of the largest and most diverse gardens in the world.

The Tiergarten is Berlin's largest park located in Mitte and was designed by Peter Joseph Lenn&eacute;.[103] In Kreuzberg the Viktoriapark provides a good viewing point over the southern part of inner city Berlin. Treptower Park beside the Spree in Treptow has a monument honoring the Soviet soldiers killed in the 1945 Battle of Berlin. The Volkspark in Friedrichshain, which opened in 1848, is the oldest park in the city. Its summit is man-made and covers a Second World War bunker and rubble from the ruins of the city; at its foot is Germany's main memorial to Polish soldiers.

Berlin is known for its numerous beach bars along the river Spree. Together with the countless caf&eacute;s, restaurants and green spaces in all districts, they create an important source of recreation and leisure time.[104]
Sports The Olympiastadion hosted the 1936 Summer Olympics and the 2006 FIFA World Cup final. The annual Berlin Marathon is known as a flat and fast course. 
Berlin has established a high profile reputation as a host city of international sporting events.[105] Berlin hosted the 1936 Olympics and was the host city for the 2006 FIFA World Cup Final.[106] The IAAF World Championships in Athletics were held in the Olympiastadion in August 2009.[107] The annual Berlin Marathon and the annual &Aring;F Golden League event ISTAF for athletics are also held here.[108] The WTA Tour holds the Qatar Total German Open annually in the city. Founded in 1896, it is one of the oldest tennis tournaments for women. The FIVB World Tour has chosen an inner-city site near Alexanderplatz to present a beach volleyball Grand Slam every year.

Open Air gatherings of several hundred thousands spectators have become popular during international football competitions like the World Cup or the UEFA European Football Championship. Fans of the respective national football squads are coming together to watch the match on huge videoscreens. The event is known as the Fan Mile and takes place at the Brandenburg Gate every two years.[109]

Several major clubs representing the most popular spectator sports in Germany have their base in Berlin.
Club Sport Founded League Venue Head Coach Hertha BSC [110] Football 1892 2. Bundesliga Olympiastadion M. Babbel 1. FC Union Berlin [111] Football 1966 2. Bundesliga Alte Frsterei U. Neuhaus ALBA Berlin [112] Basketball 1991 BBL O2 World L. Pavicevic Eisbren Berlin [113] Ice hockey 1954 DEL O2 World D. Jackson Fchse Berlin [114] Handball 1891 HBL Max-Schmeling-Halle D. Sigurdsson SCC Berlin [115] Volleyball 1911 DVL [116] Sporthalle Charlottenburg A. Urnaut Kpenicker SC Berlin [117] Volleyball 1991 DVL [118] Sporthalle Hmmerlingstrae Jrgen Treppner Infrastructure Transportation Main article: Transport in Berlin Berlin Hauptbahnhof is the largest crossing station in Europe and has operated since 2006. 
Berlin has developed a highly complex transportation infrastructure providing very diverse modes of urban mobility.[119] 979 bridges cross 197 kilometers of innercity waterways, 5,334 kilometers (3,314 mi) of roads run through Berlin, of which 73 kilometers (45 mi) are motorways ("Autobahn").[67] In 2006, 1.416 million motor vehicles, were registered in the city.[120] With 358 cars per 1000 inhabitants in 2008 (570/1000 in Germany), Berlin as a German state and as a major European city has one of the lowest numbers of cars per capita.[121]

Long-distance rail lines connect Berlin with all of the major cities of Germany and with many cities in neighboring European countries. Regional rail lines provide access to the surrounding regions of Brandenburg and to the Baltic Sea. The Berlin Hauptbahnhof is the largest crossing station in Europe.[122] Deutsche Bahn runs trains to domestic destinations like Nuremberg, Hamburg, Freiburg and more. It also runs the Airport express, as well as trains to international destinations like Moscow, Vienna, and Salzburg.

Berlin is known for its highly developed bike lane system.[123] It is estimated, there are 710 bicycles per 1000 inhabitants. Around 500,000 daily riders accounting for 13% of total traffic in 2008. The Senate of Berlin aims to increase the number to 15% of city traffic by the year 2010. Riders have access to 620 km (390 mi) of bike paths including approx. 150 km (93 mi) mandatory bicycle paths, 190 km (120 mi) off-road bicycle routes, 60 km (37 mi) of bike lanes on the roads, 70 km (43 mi) of shared bus lanes which are also open to bicyclists, 100 km (62 mi) of combined pedestrian/bike paths and 50 km (31 mi) of marked bike lanes on the sidewalks.[124] The Berliner Verkehrsbetriebe and the Deutsche Bahn manage several dense urban public transport systems.[125]
System Stations/ Lines/ Net length Passengers per year Operator/ Notes S-Bahn 166 / 15 / 331 km (206 mi) 376 million DB/ Mainly overground rail system. Some suburban stops. U-Bahn 173 / 10 / 147 km (91 mi) 457 million BVG/ Mainly underground rail system. 24hour-service on weekends. Tram 398 / 22 / 192 km (119 mi) 171 million BVG/ Operates predominantly in eastern boroughs. Bus 2627 / 147 / 1,626 km (1,010 mi) 407 million BVG/ Extensive services in all boroughs. 46 Night Lines Ferry 6 lines BVG/ All modes of transport can be accessed with the same ticket.[49] Tegel International Airport 
Berlin has two commercial airports. Tegel International Airport (TXL), the busier, and Schnefeld International Airport (SXF) handled more than 21 million passengers combined in 2009. Together they serve 166 destinations (123 European) in 50 countries (summer 2010).[126] Tegel lies within the city limits and is the European hub of Air Berlin. Whereas Schnefeld handles mainly low-cost-aviation and is situated just outside Berlin's south-eastern border in the state of Brandenburg.

Berlin's airport authority aims to transfer all of Berlin's air traffic in June 2012 to a newly built airport at Schnefeld, to be renamed Berlin Brandenburg Airport.[127] City authorities aim to establish a European aviation hub with a gateway to Asia.
Utilities Heizkraftwerk Mitte 
Berlin's power supply is mainly provided by the Swedish firm Vattenfall and relies more heavily than other electricity producers in Germany on lignite as an energy source. Because burning lignite produces harmful emissions, Vattenfall has announced a commitment to shift towards reliance on cleaner, renewable energy sources.[128] Former West Berlin's electricity supply was provided by thermal power stations. To facilitate buffering during load peaks, accumulators were installed during the 1980s at some of these power stations. These were connected by static inverters to the power grid and were loaded during times of low power consumption and unloaded during times of high consumption.

In 1993 the power connections to the surrounding areas, which had been capped in 1951, were restored. In the western districts of Berlin, nearly all power lines are underground cables; only a 380 kV and a 110 kV line, which run from Reuter substation to the urban Autobahn, use overhead lines. The Berlin 380-kV electric line was constructed when West Berlin's electrical system was a totally independent system and not connected to those of East or West Germany. This has now become the backbone of the whole city's power system.

Carmaker Daimler AG and utility RWE AG are going to begin a joint electric car and charging station test project in Berlin called "E-Mobility Berlin."[129]
Health system The Charit&eacute; main building 
Berlin has a long tradition as a city of medicine and medical technology.[130] The history of medicine has been widely influenced by scientists from Berlin. Rudolf Virchow was the founder of cellular pathology, while Robert Koch discovered the vaccinations for anthrax, cholera, and tuberculosis bacillus.[131]

The Charit&eacute; hospital complex is today the largest university hospital in Europe tracing back its origins to the year 1710. The Charit&eacute; is spread over four sites and comprises 3,300 beds, around 14,000 staff, 8,000 students, over 60 operating theatres with an annual turnover of over one billion euros.[132] It is a joint institution of the Free University of Berlin and the Humboldt University of Berlin, including a wide range of institutes and medical competence centers. Among them are the German Heart Center, one of the most renowned transplantation centers, the Max-Delbrck-Center for Molecular Medicine and the [http://seaporttattoos.com/war_junkies/members/louboutin35/activity/9189 lion pics]  Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Genetics. Scientific research is complemented by many industry research departments of companies such as Siemens, Schering or Debis.
Quotations See also: List of quotes featuring Berlin Marlene Dietrich was born in Berlin-Schneberg "Berlin ist eine Stadt, verdammt dazu, ewig zu werden, niemals zu sein" ("Berlin is a city condemned always to become, never to be.")
(Karl Scheffler, author of Berlin: Ein Stadtschicksal, 1910)[133] "Ich hab noch einen Koffer in Berlin" ("I still have a suitcase in Berlin")
(Marlene Dietrich, 1951 song by the actress and singer born in Berlin-Schneberg.)[134] "Ich bin ein Berliner". ("I am a citizen of Berlin")
(John F. Kennedy, President of the United States, 1963 while visiting Berlin) "The greatest cultural extravaganza that one could imagine."
(David Bowie, singer, on 1970s Berlin)[135] "Berlin wird leben und die Mauer wird fallen." ("Berlin will live and the wall will fall.")
(Willy Brandt, Former Governing Mayor of West Berlin and chancellor of Germany, 10 November 1989)[136] "Berlin ist arm, aber sexy." ("Berlin is poor, but sexy.")
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Retrieved 17 August 2008. ^ Berlin schafft erstes Etatplus seit dem Krieg(German), SpiegelOnline. Retrieved February, 2008. ^ Fahrun, Joachim (10 June 2008). "Sarrazin: Keine neuen Schulden mehr ab 2008". Berliner Morgenpost. Retrieved 17 August 2008. ^ "Debt-Laden Berlin Goes to Court For Federal Aid". Deutsche Welle. 29 April 2006. Retrieved 20 October 2006. ^ a b "Berlin's international city relations". Berlin Mayor's Office. Retrieved 22 August 2010. ^ "Miasta partnerskie Warszawy". um.warszawa.pl. Biuro Promocji Miasta. 4 May 2005. Retrieved 29 August 2008. ^ a b "Berlin statistical figures" (in German). Amt fr Statistik Berlin-Brandenburg. Retrieved 19 August 2008. ^ Spooner, Andrew (2007-05-13). "Berlin: Shish And Sauerkraut To Go". The Independent (London). Retrieved 2010-05-24. ^ Berlin is speaking Russians' language. The Russia Journal. 2001-03-10. ^ "Foreign residents of Berlin" (in German) (PDF). Amt fr Statistik Berlin-Brandenburg. Retrieved 19 August 2008. ^ "Jeder vierte Berliner ist auslndischer Herkunft" (in German). Der Tagesspiegel. Retrieved 19 August 2008. ^ "Foreign residents of Berlin" (in German) (PDF). Amt fr Statistik Berlin-Brandenburg. Retrieved 23 August 2009. ^ http://www.morgenpost.de/printarchiv/wirtschaft/article1309952/Zwei-Millionen-Berliner-sprechen-mindestens-zwei-Sprachen.html ^ Connolly, Kate (26 April 2009). "Atheist Berlin to decide on religion's place in its schools". The Guardian (London). Retrieved 10 May 2010. ^ Evangelische Kirche im Rheinland, Table 1.3: Bevlkerung und Kirchenzugehrigkeit nach Bundeslndern. Retrieved 13 April 2010. ^ Evangelical Church in Germany, Kirchenmitglieder 2007. Tabelle 2: Evangelische Kirchenmitglieder und Bevlkerung nach Bundeslndern am 31.12.2007 and also Tabelle 3: Evangelische Kirchenmitglieder, Katholiken und Bevlkerung nach Bundeslndern am 31.12.2007. Retrieved 2010-04-14. ^ Die Deutsche Bischofskonferenz - German Catholic Church, Population and Catolics by Bundesstaat. Retrieved 14 April 2010. ^ Germany: Berlin Facing Challenge Of Assimilating Russian-Speaking Jews. Radio Free Europe. 17 September 2007. ^ "Lutheran Diocese Berlin-Brandenburg". Selbstndige Evangelisch-Lutherische Kirche. Retrieved 19 August 2008. ^ "Gemeindebersicht nach Postleitzahl". Evangelisch-methodistische Kirche. Retrieved 19 August 2008. See also: "Gemeindeliste AC: FeG Deutschland". Bund Freier evangelischer Gemeinden Deutschland. Retrieved 19 August 2008. ^ "Exporteinbruch strzt deutsche Wirtschaft in die Krise" (in German). Reuters. Retrieved 19 August 2008. ^ "Air Berlin: Contact." Retrieved on 12 May 2009. ^ "Deutsche Bahn AG at a glance." Retrieved on 12 May 2009. ^ "Poor but sexy". The Economist. Retrieved 19 August 2008. ^ a b c d e f g h "Berlin fact sheet" (PDF). berlin.de. Retrieved 19 August 2008. ^ "Regional GDP per inhabitant in the EU 27" (PDF). Eurostat. Retrieved 17 May 2010. ^ "Metropolis of Sciences". Berlin Partner GmbH. Archived from the original on April 24, 2008. Retrieved 19 August 2008. ^ "Wirtschaftsstandort Berlin" (in German). Der Tagesspiegel. 11 May 2010. Retrieved 11 May 2010. ^ "Jahrgangsstufe Null" (in German). Der Tagesspiegel. Retrieved 19 August 2008. ^ "Geschichte des Franzsischen Gymnasiums" (in German). Franzsisches Gymnasium Lyc&eacute;e Fran&ccedil;ais Berlin. Retrieved 17 August 2008. ^ "European Institute of Innovation and Technology: Home". Eit.europa.eu. Retrieved 8 June 2010. ^ "World Heritage Site Palaces and Parks of Potsdam and Berlin". UNESCO. Retrieved 19 August 2008. ^ "Hub Culture's 2009 Zeitgeist Ranking". Hub Culture. Retrieved 30 April 2009. ^ "Sprung in die Wolken" (in German). Zitty. 2 July 2008. Retrieved 19 August 2008. ^ Boston, Nicholas (10 September 2006). "A New Williamsburg! Berlin's Expats Go Bezirk". The New York Observer. Retrieved 17 August 2008. See also: "Die Kunstszene" (in German). Deutschland Online. Archived from the original on 11 December 2007. Retrieved 19 August 2008. and "Culture of Berlin". Metropolis. Archived from the original on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 19 August 2008. ^ "Saucy Berlin transforms itself into a 'music city'". Taipei Times. Retrieved 19 August 2008. ^ "Berlin's music business booms". Expatica. Archived from the original on 11 September 2007. Retrieved 19 August 2008. ^ "Media Companies in Berlin and Potsdam". medienboard. Retrieved 19 August 2008. ^ "Wall-to-wall culture". The Age. 10 November 2007. Retrieved 30 November 2007. ^ European Film Academy, www.europeanfilmacademy.org, Accessed 19 December 2006. See also: Berlin Film Festival, www.berlinale.de. Retrieved 12 November 2006. ^ Wasacz, Walter (11 October 2004). "Losing your mind in Berlin". Metro Times. Retrieved 18 November 2006. ^ Compensating Victims of the La Belle Attack, German Embassy, Washington D.C.. Retrieved 18 November 2006. ^ Christiane F.-Page, christianef. Retrieved 18 November 2006. ^ ENGLISH SUMMARY, www.karneval-berlin.de, . Retrieved 10 August 2008. ^ Berlin for Gays and Lesbians, Berlin Tourismus Marketing GmbH. Retrieved 20 October 2006. ^ A 3,000-year-old smile, Expatica.Com. Retrieved 1 November 2006. ^ "Exhibitions". Jewish Museum Berlin. Archived from the original on October 11, 2007. Retrieved 10 August 2008. ^ The World of Dinosaurs, Museum fr Naturkunde. Retrieved 10 August 2008. ^ In Berlin, the Art of Sex, Washington Post. Retrieved 10 August 2008. ^ Is Rattle's Berlin honeymoon over?, The Guardian. Retrieved 12 November 2006. ^ Wakin, Daniel J. (25 September 2005). "Music: Berlin". The New York Times. Retrieved 7 November 2006. ^ Berlin Philharmonic elects Sir Simon Rattle, Culturekiosque. Retrieved 12 November 2006. ^ Haus der Kulturen der Welt, www.hkw.de. Retrieved 12 November 2006. ^ Berlin MInimalist Glamour Retrieved ^ Paterson, Tony (15 August 2009). "Spicy sausage that is worthy of a shrine in Berlin". The Independent (London). ^ "Berlin Style Liver - Gebratene Kalbsleber auf Berliner Art, Germanic". Germancorner.com. Retrieved 8 June 2010. ^ Berlin German Foods ^ "Hauptstadt-Zoo beliebtester Tierpark". Rundfunk Berlin-Brandenburg. Archived from the original on 2006-10-07. Retrieved 17 August 2008. ^ Moore, Tristana (23 March 2007). "Baby bear becomes media star". BBC News. Retrieved 17 August 2008. ^ Boyes, Roger (13 December 2007). "Berlin Zoo culls creator of the cult of Knut". The Times (London). Retrieved 17 August 2008. ^ Peter Joseph Lenn&eacute;, Senate Department of Urban Development. Retrieved 18 November 2006. ^ 36 Hours in Berlin, NYT, Accessed 29 May 2007. ^ "Melbourne retains ultimate sports city title". ABC News. 1 April 2008. Retrieved 1 July 2008. ^ Berlin 1936 Games of the XI Olympiad, www.olympic.org, Accessed 18 November 2006. See also: "Italy conquer the world as Germany wins friends". ^ 12. IAAF Leichtathletik WM berlin 2009, www.berlin2009.org. Retrieved 1 July 2008. ^ Berlin Marathon, www.scc-events.com. Retrieved 12 November 2006. ^ 500,000 spectators to watch the game together, SABAH Newspaper. Retrieved 1 July 2008. ^ Hertha BSC, www.herthabsc.de/. Retrieved 1 July 2008. ^ Union Berlin, www.fc-union-berlin.de/. Retrieved 3 April 2010. ^ ALBA Berlin, www.albaberlin.de. Retrieved 1 July 2008. ^ Eisbren Berlin, www.eisbaeren.de. Retrieved 1 July 2008. ^ Fchse Berlin, www.fuechse-berlin.de. Retrieved 1 July 2008. ^ SCC Berlin, www.scc-berlin.de. Retrieved 1 July 2008. ^ [1] Retrieved 21 May 2010 ^ [2], www.k-sc.de. Retrieved 10 May 2010. ^ [3] Retrieved 21 May 2010 ^ "Broke but dynamic, Berlin seeks new identity". IHT. Retrieved 19 August 2008. ^ "Kraftfahrzeuge und Schienenbestand". Destatis. Retrieved 19 August 2008. ^ "Die Hauptstadt des umweltfreundlichen Verkehrs" (in German). Berliner Zeitung. Retrieved 11 August 2009. ^ "Berlin Hauptbahnhof". Deutsche Bahn. Retrieved 2 May 2009. ^ "Bike City Berlin". Treehugger. Retrieved 19 August 2008. ^ "Bicycle Routes and Facilities Bicycle Paths". Senate Department of urban development. Retrieved 19 September 2008. ^ Amt fr Statistik Berlin-Brandenburg, Die kleine Berlin-Statistik. (German) Accessed 2009-01-06. ^ "n 2009 nei 3 scali berlinesi sono transitati 21 mln passeggeri". notizie.virgilio.it. Retrieved 2 April 2010. ^ "Airport Berlin Brandenburg International". Airports Berlin. Retrieved 7 July 2010. ^ Reimer, Nick (30 May 2006). "Abgase tiefer gelegt" (in German). taz. Retrieved 18 August 2008. ^ [4] ^ Khne, Anja; Warnecke, Tilmann (17 October 2007). "Berlin leuchtet" (in German). Der Tagesspiegel. Retrieved 18 August 2008. ^ "History of the Charit&eacute; of Berlin". Charit&eacute;. 6 September 2005. Retrieved 18 August 2008. ^ "Customer company profile". Ansell Healthcare. Retrieved 18 August 2008. ^ Scheffler, Karl. Berlin: Ein Stadtschicksal. Fannei & Walz. ISBN 3927574023. ^ "Citysongs". The New Colonist. Retrieved 18 August 2008. ^ "David Bowie's golden years in Berlin". Expatica. Retrieved 18 August 2008. ^ Tomforde, Anna; Farr, Michael (11 November 1999). "Kohl: We are one nation". The Guardian (London). Retrieved 18 August 2008. ^ "Arm, aber sexy" (in German). Focus. Retrieved 18 August 2008. 
Bibliography
Chandler, Tertius (1987). Four Thousand Years of Urban Growth: An Historical Census. Edwin Mellen Pr. ISBN 0889462070. Gill, Anton (1993). A Dance Between Flames: Berlin Between The Wars. John Murray. ISBN 0719549868. Gross, Leonard (1999). The Last Jews in Berlin. Carroll & Graf Publishers. ISBN 0786706872. Large, David Clay (2001). Berlin. Basic Books. ISBN 046502632X. Read, Anthony; David Fisher (1994). Berlin Rising: Biography of a City. W.W. Norton. ISBN 0393036065. Ribbe, Wolfgang (2002). Geschichte Berlins. Bwv  Berliner Wissenschafts-Verlag. ISBN 3830501668. Roth, Joseph (2004). What I saw: Reports from Berlin 1920-33. Granta Books. ISBN 1-86207-636-7. Taylor, Frederick (2007). The Berlin Wall: 13 August 1961 - 9 November 1989. Bloomsbury. ISBN 0060786140. External links Official Website Berlin.de Official Berlin Business Portal Official Website of the Berlin-Brandenburg Metropolitan Area Regional directory (German) Berlin Tourist Information Monthly English-language magazine for Berlin English-language city guide for Berlin Berlin travel guide from Wikitravel Berlin photo gallery Images of Berlin and its most popular monuments.  Links to related articles Berlin topics Government Senate &middot; Coat of arms &middot; Flag &middot; Constitution &middot; Elections &middot; Mayor (list) &middot; Subdivisions Society History &middot; Geography &middot; Culture &middot; Dialect &middot; Demographics &middot; Economy &middot; Education &middot; Transport &middot; People &middot; Sport &middot; Religion Related topics Metro Region &middot; Landmarks &middot; Castles &middot; Museums &middot; Churches &middot; Venues &middot; Universities &middot; Parks and forests &middot; Cemeteries &middot; Main category Districts and localities of Berlin Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf Charlottenburg  Charlottenburg-Nord  Grunewald  Halensee  Schmargendorf  Westend  Wilmersdorf Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg Friedrichshain  Kreuzberg Lichtenberg Alt-Hohenschnhausen  Falkenberg  Fennpfuhl  Friedrichsfelde  Karlshorst  Lichtenberg  Malchow  Neu-Hohenschnhausen  Rummelsburg  Wartenberg Marzahn-Hellersdorf Biesdorf  Hellersdorf  Kaulsdorf  Mahlsdorf  Marzahn Mitte Gesundbrunnen  Hansaviertel  Mitte  Moabit  Tiergarten  Wedding Neuklln Britz  Buckow  Gropiusstadt  Neuklln  Rudow Pankow Blankenburg  Blankenfelde  Buch  Franzsisch Buchholz  Heinersdorf  Karow  Niederschnhausen  Pankow  Prenzlauer Berg  Rosenthal  Stadtrandsiedlung Malchow  Weiensee  Wilhelmsruh Reinickendorf Frohnau  Heiligensee  Hermsdorf  Konradshhe  Lbars  Mrkisches Viertel  Reinickendorf  Tegel  Waidmannslust  Wittenau Spandau Falkenhagener Feld  Gatow  Hakenfelde  Haselhorst  Kladow  Siemensstadt  Spandau  Staaken  Wilhelmstadt Steglitz-Zehlendorf Dahlem  Lankwitz  Lichterfelde  Nikolassee  Steglitz  Wannsee  Zehlendorf Tempelhof-Schneberg Friedenau  Lichtenrade  Mariendorf  Marienfelde  Schneberg  Tempelhof Treptow-Kpenick Adlershof  Alt-Treptow  Altglienicke  Baumschulenweg  Bohnsdorf  Friedrichshagen  Grnau  Johannisthal  Kpenick  Mggelheim  Niederschneweide  Oberschneweide  Plnterwald  Rahnsdorf  Schmckwitz Districts > Localities > Zones  Greater Berlin Act  Former boroughs Cities in Germany by population 1,000,000+ Berlin &middot; Cologne &middot; Hamburg &middot; Munich 500,000+ Bremen &middot; Dortmund &middot; Dresden &middot; Dsseldorf &middot; Essen &middot; Frankfurt &middot; Hanover &middot; Leipzig &middot; Nuremberg &middot; Stuttgart 200,000+ 
Aachen &middot; Augsburg &middot; Bielefeld &middot; Bochum &middot; Bonn &middot; Braunschweig &middot; Chemnitz &middot; Duisburg &middot; Erfurt &middot; Freiburg im Breisgau &middot; Gelsenkirchen &middot; Halle an der Saale &middot; Karlsruhe &middot; Kiel &middot; Krefeld &middot; Lbeck &middot; Magdeburg &middot; Mannheim &middot; Mnster &middot; Mnchengladbach &middot; Oberhausen &middot; Rostock &middot; Wiesbaden [http://hogan0316.eklablog.com/louis-vuitton-handtaschen-2011-a48093235 images of lions]  &middot; Wuppertal
100,000+ 
Bergisch Gladbach &middot; Bottrop &middot; Bremerhaven &middot; Cottbus &middot; Darmstadt &middot; Erlangen &middot; Frth &middot; Gera &middot; Gttingen &middot; Hagen &middot; Hamm &middot; Heidelberg &middot; Heilbronn &middot; Herne &middot; Hildesheim &middot; Ingolstadt &middot; Jena &middot; Kassel &middot; Koblenz &middot; Leverkusen &middot; Ludwigshafen &middot; Mainz &middot; Moers &middot; Mlheim an der Ruhr &middot; Neuss &middot; Offenbach am Main &middot; Oldenburg &middot; Osnabrck &middot; Paderborn &middot; Pforzheim &middot; Potsdam &middot; Recklinghausen &middot; Regensburg &middot; Remscheid &middot; Reutlingen &middot; Saarbrcken &middot; Salzgitter &middot; Siegen &middot; Solingen &middot; Trier &middot; Ulm &middot; Wolfsburg &middot; Wrzburg
complete list &middot; municipalities &middot; metropolitan regions &middot; cities with more than 100,000 inhabitants States of the Federal Republic of Germany States 
Baden-Wrttemberg (since 1952) &middot;  Bavaria (since 1949) &middot;  Brandenburg (since 1990) &middot;  Hesse (since 1949) &middot;  Lower Saxony (since 1949) &middot;  Mecklenburg-Vorpommern (since 1990) &middot;  North Rhine-Westphalia (since 1949) &middot;  Rhineland-Palatinate (since 1949) &middot;  Saarland (since 1957) &middot;  Saxony (since 1990) &middot;  Saxony-Anhalt (since 1990) &middot;  Schleswig-Holstein (since 1949) &middot;  Thuringia (since 1990)
City-states 
Berlin (since 1990) &middot;  Bremen (since 1949) &middot;  Hamburg (since 1949)
Former states 
Baden (south) (19491952) &middot;  Wrttemberg-Baden (19491952) &middot;  Wrttemberg-Hohenzollern (19491952)
Capitals of states of the Federal Republic of Germany Capitals of area states 
Dresden (Saxony)  Dsseldorf (North Rhine-Westphalia)  Erfurt (Thuringia)  Hanover (Lower Saxony)  Kiel (Schleswig-Holstein)  Magdeburg (Saxony-Anhalt)  Mainz (Rhineland-Palatinate)  Munich (Bavaria)  Potsdam (Brandenburg)  Saarbrcken (Saarland)  Schwerin (Mecklenburg-Vorpommern)  Stuttgart (Baden-Wrttemberg)  Wiesbaden (Hesse)
Citystates1 
Berlin   City of Bremen (State of Bremen)  Hamburg
Capitals of former states 
Freiburg im Breisgau (South Baden, 19491952)  Stuttgart (Wrttemberg-Baden, 19491952)  Tbingen (Wrttemberg-Hohenzollern, 19491952)
1 Unlike the mono-city states Berlin and Hamburg the State of Bremen consists of two cities, thus state and capital are not identical. Capital cities of the Member States of the European Union Amsterdam &middot; Athens &middot; Berlin &middot; Bratislava &middot; Brussels &middot; Bucharest &middot; Budapest &middot; Copenhagen &middot; Dublin &middot; Helsinki &middot; Lisbon &middot; Ljubljana &middot; London &middot; Luxembourg City &middot; Madrid &middot; Nicosia &middot; Paris &middot; Prague &middot; Riga &middot; Rome &middot; Sofia &middot; Stockholm &middot; Tallinn &middot; Valletta &middot; Vienna &middot; Vilnius &middot; Warsaw Capitals of European states and territories Capitals of non-sovereign territories or constituent nations shown in SmallCaps Western Northern Central Southern Eastern 
Amsterdam, Netherlands
Andorra la Vella, Andorra
Belfast, Northern Ireland
Brussels, Belgium 5
Douglas, Isle of Man4
Cardiff, Wales
Dublin, Ireland
Edinburgh, Scotland
Lisbon, Portugal
London, United Kingdom
Luxembourg, Luxembourg
Madrid, Spain
Monaco, Monaco
Paris, France
Saint Helier, Jersey4
Saint Peter Port, Guernsey4


Copenhagen, Denmark
Helsinki, Finland
Longyearbyen, Svalbard
Mariehamn, &Aring;land Islands
Oslo, Norway
Reykjav&iacute;k, Iceland
Riga, Latvia
Stockholm, Sweden
Tallinn, Estonia
T&oacute;rshavn, Faroe Islands
Vilnius, Lithuania

Belgrade, Serbia
Berlin, Germany
Bern, Switzerland
Bratislava, Slovakia
Budapest, Hungary
Ljubljana, Slovenia
Prague, Czech Republic
Vienna, Austria
Warsaw, Poland
Vaduz, Liechtenstein
Zagreb, Croatia

Ankara, Turkey 1
Athens, Greece
Gibraltar, Gibraltar4
Nicosia, Cyprus 2, Northern Cyprus 2, 3
Podgorica, Montenegro
Pristina, Kosovo 3
Rome, Italy
San Marino, San Marino
Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
Tirana, Albania
Valletta, Malta
Vatican City, Vatican City


Astana, Kazakhstan 1
Baku, Azerbaijan 1
Bucharest, Romania
Chi?in?u, Moldova
Kiev, Ukraine
Minsk, Belarus
Moscow, Russia 1
Sofia, Bulgaria
Stepanakert, Nagorno-Karabakh Republic 3
Sukhumi, Abkhazia 3
Tbilisi, Georgia 1
Tiraspol, Transnistria 3
Tskhinvali, South Ossetia 3
Yerevan, Armenia 1
1 Transcontinental country.  2 Entirely in Southwest Asia but having socio-political connections with Europe.  3 Partially recognised country.  4 Crown Dependency or Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom.  5 Also the seat of the European Union, see Location of European Union institutions and Brussels and the European Union. European Capitals of Culture 
1985 Athens &middot; 1986 Florence &middot; 1987 Amsterdam &middot; 1988 West Berlin &middot; 1989 Paris &middot; 1990 Glasgow &middot; 1991 Dublin &middot; 1992 Madrid &middot; 1993 Antwerp &middot; 1994 Lisbon &middot; 1995 Luxembourg City &middot; 1996 Copenhagen &middot; 1997 Thessaloniki &middot; 1998 Stockholm &middot; 1999 Weimar &middot; 2000 Reykjav&iacute;k &middot; Bergen &middot; Helsinki &middot; Brussels &middot; Prague &middot; Krak&oacute;w &middot; Santiago de Compostela &middot; Avignon &middot; Bologna &middot; 2001 Rotterdam &middot; Porto &middot; 2002 Bruges &middot; Salamanca &middot; 2003 Graz &middot; 2004 Genoa &middot; Lille &middot; 2005 Cork &middot; 2006 Patras &middot; 2007 Luxembourg City and Greater Region &middot; Sibiu &middot; 2008 Liverpool &middot; Stavanger &middot; 2009 Linz &middot; Vilnius &middot; 2010 Essen &middot; Istanbul &middot; P&eacute;cs &middot; 2011 Turku &middot; Tallinn &middot; 2012 Maribor &middot; Guimar&atilde;es &middot; 2013 Ko&scaron;ice  &middot; Marseille
Summer Olympic Games host cities 
1896: Athens  1900: Paris  1904: St. Louis  1908: London  1912: Stockholm  1920: Antwerp  1924: Paris  1928: Amsterdam  1932: Los Angeles  1936: Berlin  1948: London  1952: Helsinki  1956: Melbourne  1960: Rome  1964: Tokyo  1968: Mexico City  1972: Munich  1976: Montreal  1980: Moscow  1984: Los Angeles  1988: Seoul  1992: Barcelona  1996: Atlanta  2000: Sydney  2004: Athens  2008: Beijing  2012: London  2016: Rio de Janeiro
Members of the Hanseatic League by circle Chief cities are highlighted; Free Imperial Cities of the Holy Roman Empire are shown in italics. Wendish Circle Lbeck Greifswald &middot; Hamburg &middot; Kiel &middot; Lneburg &middot; Rostock &middot; Stade &middot; Stargard &middot; Stettin &middot; Stralsund &middot; Wismar Saxony, Thuringia,
Brandenburg Circle Magdeburg Berlin &middot; Brandenburg &middot; Bremen &middot; Brunswick &middot; Erfurt &middot; Frankfurt (Oder) &middot; Goslar &middot; Halle &middot; Halberstadt &middot; Quedlinburg Prussia, Livonia,
Sweden Circle Thorn
(Toru��) Breslau (Wroc?aw) &middot; Danzig (Gda��sk) &middot; Dorpat (Tartu) &middot; Fellin (Viljandi) &middot; Elbing (Elbl?g) &middot; Knigsberg (Kaliningrad) &middot; Krak&oacute;w &middot; Pernau (Prnu) &middot; Reval (Tallinn) &middot; Riga &middot; Stockholm &middot; Visby Rhine, Westphalia,
Netherlands Circle Dortmund Bochum &middot; Breckerfeld &middot; Cologne &middot; Deventer &middot; Duisburg &middot; Groningen &middot; Haltern &middot; Hamm &middot; Harderwijk &middot; Hattem &middot; Hasselt &middot; Kampen &middot; Mnster &middot; Nijmegen &middot; Oldenzaal &middot; Osnabrck &middot; Recklinghausen &middot; Roermond &middot; Soest &middot; Tiel &middot; Unna &middot; Werl &middot; Zutphen &middot; Zwolle Principal Kontore Bryggen (Bergen) &middot; Hanzekantoor (Bruges) &middot; Steelyard (London) &middot; Peterhof (Novgorod) Subsidiary Kontore Antwerp &middot; Berwick &middot; Boston &middot; Damme &middot; Leith &middot; Hull &middot; Ipswich &middot; Kaunas &middot; King's Lynn &middot; Newcastle &middot; Polotsk &middot; Pskov Republic &middot; Yarmouth &middot; York Other cities Aberdeen &middot; &Aring;bo (Turku) &middot; Anklam &middot; Arnhem &middot; Bolsward &middot; Doesburg &middot; Gttingen &middot; Goldingen (Kuld��ga) &middot; Hafnarfjrur &middot; Harlingen &middot; Herford &middot; Hindeloopen &middot; Kalmar &middot; Kulm (Che?mo) &middot; Lemgo &middot; Naples &middot; Narwa (Narva) [http://seaporttattoos.com/war_junkies/members/louboutin32/activity/9187 information about tigers]  &middot; Oldenzaal &middot; Paderborn &middot; Schaldewage (Scalloway) &middot; Smolensk &middot; Stolp (S?upsk) &middot; Tver &middot; Wenden (C��sid) &middot; Wesel &middot; Wiburg (Vyborg) &middot; Windau (Ventspils) &middot; Wolmar (Valmiera) 

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Berle, Milton
Berleburger Schaumstoffwerk
Berlekamp-Massey
Berlekamp-Massey algorithm
Berlekamp-Massey Decoding
Berlekamp-Massey-Sakata
Berlese, Antonio
berley
Berlian Laju Tanker
Berlichingen
Berlichingen
Berlichingen, Gotz Von
Berlichingen, G?tz von
Berlichingen, G?tz von
BerlinBerlin (West)
Berlin (West)
Berlin Aging Study
Berlin Air Route Traffic Control Center
Berlin airlift
Berlin airlift
Berlin Airlift Device
Berlin Airlift Historical Foundation
Berlin Airlift Veterans Association
Berlin American High School
Berlin Art Museums German Democratic Republic
Berlin Artists Going Live
Berlin Asia-Pacific Film Festival
Berlin Biomedical Exchange Office
Berlin black
Berlin Blockade
Berlin Blockade and Airlift
Berlin blue
Berlin blue
Berlin blue
Berlin Brain-Computer Interface
Berlin Brandenburg Aerospace Allianz eV
Berlin Brandenburg International
Berlin Brandenburg International School
Berlin Brigade
Berlin Business Development Corporation
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