Hydrating-Beads-8804386

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Hydrate is a term used in inorganic chemistry and organic chemistry to indicate that a substance contains water. [http://hydratingbeads.com Hydrating Bead] The chemical state of the water varies widely between hydrates, some of which were so labeled before their chemical structure was understood.
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Organic chemistry

In organic chemistry, hydrate is a compound formed by the addition of water or its elements to another molecule. For example, [http://hydratingbeads.com Hydration Beads] ethanol, CH3–CH2–OH, can be considered as a hydrate of ethene, CH2=CH2, formed by the addition of H to one C and OH to the other C. [http://hydratingbeads.com Hydration Bead] A molecule of water may be eliminated, for example by the action of sulfuric acid. Another example is chloral hydrate, CCl3–CH(OH)2, which can be formed by reaction of water with chloral, CCl3–CH=O.
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Molecules have been labeled as hydrates for historical reasons. Glucose, C6H12O6, was originally thought of as C6(H2O)6 and described as a carbohydrate, [http://hydratingbeads.com Hydroponic Beads] but this is a very poor description of its structure as known today. Methanol is often sold as “methyl hydrate”, implying the incorrect formula CH3OH2, [http://hydratingbeads.com Hydroponic Bwad] while the correct formula is CH3–OH.
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Many organic molecules, as with inorganic molecules, form crystals that incorporate water into the crystalline structure without chemical alteration of the organic molecule (water of crystallization). [http://hydratingbeads.com Hydroponic Water Bead] The sugar trehalose, for example, exists in both an anhydrous form (melting point 203 °C) and as a dihydrate (melting point 97 °C). Protein crystals commonly have as much as 50% water content.
Inorganic chemistry
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Hydrates are inorganic salts "containing water molecules combined in a definite ratio as an integral part of the crystal" [http://hydratingbeads.com Liquid Pearls] that are either bound to a metal center or that have crystallized with the metal complex. Such hydrates are also said to contain water of crystallization or water of hydration. If the water is heavy water, [http://hydratingbeads.com Liquid Pearl] where the hydrogen involved is the isotope deuterium, then the term deuterate may be used in place of hydrate.
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Clathrate hydrates
Main article: Clathrate hydrate
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Gas hydrates are clathrate hydrates (a class of solid hydrates of gases): water ice with gas molecules trapped within. [http://hydratingbeads.com Magic Water Beads] When the gas is methane it is called a methane hydrate.

Nonpolar molecules such as methane can form clathrate hydrates with water, especially under high pressure. [http://hydratingbeads.com Magic Water Bead] Although there is no hydrogen bonding of water molecules when methane is the guest molecule of the clathrate, [http://hydratingbeads.com Rainbow Water Beads] guest-host hydrogen bonding often forms with guest molecules in clathrates of many larger organic molecules, [http://hydratingbeads.com Rainbow Water Bead] such as tetrahydrofuran. In such cases the guest-host hydrogen bonds result in the formation of L-type Bjerrum defects in the clathrate lattice.
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