Railway 2787719


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Ballastless track is designed so that no fundamental ballast is required. The first of these tracks were mountain [http://modeltrainfigures.jigsy.com model railway figures] with the rails attached directly to the rocks. Since the late 1960s, German, British, Swiss and Japanese [http://modeltrainfigures.edublogs.org model railway figures]
experimented with alternatives to traditional railroad ties in finding solutions with higher accuracy and durability, as well as reduced levels of spending. 
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This led to the waypoint rail, especially in tunnels, high-speed railway lines and the lines having a high frequency of trains that have a high voltage imposed on the rail network. Paved concrete track [36] has a rail mounted directly to the concrete slab, about half a meter thick, [http://modeltrainfigures.wordpress.com/ model railroad] without ties. A similar, but less expensive alternative is to accurately position concrete ties and then pour a concrete slab between and around them, this is called a "monolithic precast sleeper track" [38].
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These systems have the advantage of excellent stability and nearly complete absence of deformation. Monolithic Track Systems incur significantly lower operating costs compared to ballasted track. [http://figuren.hubpages.com/hub/Model-Train-Figures-To-Increase-Creativity-Of-Children model railroad] In the absence of any ballast, damage by flying ballast is eliminated, something that happens at speeds over 250 km / h (150 miles / h). It is also useful for existing railroad tunnels, the slab track smaller than ballasted track construction, can provide extra clearance overhead required for the conversion of overhead line electrification or more trains to pass. [40]
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Slab track construction is more expensive than building traditional ballasted track, [39] [40], which slowed its introduction outside of high-speed rail lines. These models are not so easy to change after they are installed, [40] and the curing time of the concrete makes it difficult to convert an existing, busy railway line monolithic installation. [39]
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Slab track can also be significantly louder and cause more vibration than traditional ballasted track. While this is in some part attributable to the slab track down sound absorption qualities, a more significant factor is that the slab track typically uses a soft rail fasteners to provide vertical compliance similar to ballasted track, it can lead to more noise, because they allow the rail to vibrate at great length. [http://www.sbwire.com/press-releases/online-store-announces-release-of-new-products-238349.htm model railway scenery]

Where it is critical to reduce noise and vibration, the concrete slab can be supported on soft elastic bearings. This configuration is called "floating slab track", is expensive and requires more depth and height, [40], but it can reduce noise and vibration of about 80%. [http://figuren.soup.io/ model railroad people] [Explanation necessary] [41] On the other hand, the rail can be maintained over the entire length of an elastic material, in combination with a lower rail section, it can provide a significant reduction in noise levels compared to conventional ballasted track



[http://modeltrainfigures.blogspot.de/ model railroad] (UK, Australia, Ireland and Canada) or Model Railroading (U.S. and Canada) is a hobby in which rail transport systems are modeled at a reduced scale. Scale models include locomotives, rolling stock, streetcars, tracks, signaling, and roads, buildings, vehicles, model figures, lights, and features such as streams, hills and canyons.

The earliest examples of the [http://modeltrainfigures.webnode.com/ model railway figures] are "carpet railways' in the 1840s. Electric trains appeared around the turn of the 20th century, but they were crude likenesses. Model trains today are more realistic. [http://figuren.bravesites.com/ model railway scenery] Today modellers create model railway / railroad layouts, often recreating real locations and periods in history.

Involvement ranges from possession of a train set to spending hours and large sums on a large and exacting model of a railroad and the scenery through which it passes, is called a "layout". [http://modeltrainfigures.jimdo.com/ model train] Hobbyists, called "railway modellers" or "model railroaders", may maintain models large enough to ride live (see steam ridable miniature railway station and Backyard). [http://figuren1.livejournal.com/615.html model train people] Modellers may collect model trains, building a landscape for the trains to pass through, or operate their own railroad in miniature. For some modellers goal of building a layout is to eventually run it as if it were a real railroad (if the layout is based on the imagination of the builder) or real train did (if layout is a prototype). If you choose to model modeling prototype, they can reproduce by song reproductions of the real railroad in miniature, often using a prototype circuit diagrams and historical maps.
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Layouts vary from a circle or oval of track to realistic reproductions of real places modeled to scale. Probably the biggest model landscape in the UK is in the Pendon Museum in Oxfordshire, UK, where a gauge EM (1:76.2 same scale as 00 but with more accurate track gauge) model of the Vale of White Horse in 1930 under construction. The museum houses one of the earliest scenic models - of the Madder Valley layout built by John Ahern. It was built in the late 1930s to the late 1950s and brought in realistic modeling, receiving coverage on both sides of the Atlantic in the magazines Model Railway News and railroader Model. Bekonscot in Buckinghamshire is the oldest model village and includes a model railway station, dating from 1930. The largest model railway in the world in H0 scale is Miniatur Wunderland in Hamburg, Germany. The largest live steam layout, with 25 miles (40 km) of track is Train Mountain in Chiloquin, Oregon, USA.

[https://www.facebook.com/pages/modelleisenbahn-figurencom/250446571672651?bookmark_t=page model train scenery] clubs, where enthusiasts meet. Clubs often display models for the public. One specialist branch concentrates on larger scales and appliances often use a gauge of 3.5 to 7.5 inches (89-191 mm). Models in these scales are usually hand-built and powered by live steam, or diesel-hydraulic and engines are often powerful enough to haul dozens of human passengers. Often railways of this size are called miniature railways.


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