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The subsequent rulers, the Fatimids (9691171), had established an independent rival caliphate in North Africa within the early 10th century. The Fatimid rulers, originally from Tunisia, claimed the caliphate for themselves on the basis of descent from Fatima, daughter of the prophet Muhammad, the founder of Islam. Their branch with the faith, (see Shia Islam), was a minority sect in opposition towards the Abbasid caliphs in Baghd&257;d, who were majority Sunni Muslims (see Sunni Islam).
Courts of general jurisdiction include the Court of Cassation, the courts of appeal, the tribunals of first instance, and the district tribunals. The Court of Cassation has final jurisdiction in criminal and civil cases. The courts of appeal have jurisdiction over one or more of Egypts governorates, or administrative divisions, and hear appeals of decisions made by lower courts. The tribunals of first instance are the courts that hear major criminal and civil cases. The district tribunals have jurisdiction over minor criminal and civil cases. The Public Prosecution, headed by an attorney general, serves at all levels of courts of general jurisdiction in all criminal and some civil cases. The administrative courts have jurisdiction over cases involving the government or any of its agencies and may investigate administrative crimes committed by officials or civil servants. Other judicial bodies include the Council of State, which settles administrative disputes and deals with disciplinary cases within the judicial system, and the Supreme Judicial Council, which ensures the judiciarys independence from outside interference and helps regulate other judicial bodies.
Historically, religious authorities provided basic education in local mosque schools. Higher Islamic studies became available at AlAzhar mosque (founded in 970) in Cairo. In 988 AlAzhar University was established. This is the oldest university inside the world and the leading institution of Islamic higher education within the world today. AlAzhar University operates a network of religious schools parallel towards the state system.
Hollow metal doors can be ordered with many unique types of cores,each with features that may be seen as advantages or disadvantages,depending on the application.Successful application of hollow metal doors depends on choosing the right type of core, made of your right supplies, properly constructed,finished and installed within the door by the manufacturer.
The president names a prime minister and a council of ministers, or cabinet. Most ministers serve as the executive officers with the governments various departments, including those dealing with foreign affairs, internal order, social affairs, justice, agriculture, commerce, industry, and education. Some ministers also hold the title of deputy prime minister. Egyptian cabinets help set government policy, but key decisions are often made by the president in consultation with a few close advisers, most of whom are former cabinet ministers or highranking military officers.
Inside the 1970s the government introduced economic liberalization policies known as the open door (infitah in Arabic). These policies greatly expanded the numbers of middleclass professionals (importers, financiers, commercial agents, and various kinds of middlemen) with connections to foreign capital and foreign culture. These professionals are major consumers of imported luxury cars, European fashions, and European and American films and music. The lifestyle on the old, wealthy elite is similar.
Egypts armed forces in 2003 totaled 450,000, with 320,000 inside the army, 30,000 in the air force, and 20,000 inside the navy, and the remainder inside the air defense or shared commands. Affiliated with the armed forces are the reserves, the Central Security Forces, and the National Guard. Each branch is headed by a commander, above whom stands the commander in chief of the armed forces. The president has ultimate authority over the military as its supreme commander. There is a threeyear period of selective military service. The officer corps exercises great political influence.
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